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基本解剖学术语 Anatomical Terms

1.解剖学位置 Anatomical position

人体直立，两眼向正前方平视，两上肢自然下垂，手掌向前，两足并立，足尖向前。

The human body is upright, with eyes looking straight ahead, both upper limbs drooping naturally, palms facing forward, feet standing side by side, toes pointed forward.

2.方位术语 Direction terms

     上  下：   Superior - Inferior

     前   后:  Anterior- Posterior (腹侧 « 背侧)

     内侧 « 外侧：Medial « Lateral

     浅 « 深：Superficial « Deep

     近侧 « 远侧：Proximal « Distal

1.上(颅侧)与下(尾侧)   近颅者为上，近足者为下。

    The upper (cranial side) and lower (caudal side) ones closer to the head are upper, and those closer to the feet are lower.

     2.前(腹侧)与后(背侧)    近腹者为前(腹侧)，近背面者为后(背侧)。

    Front (ventral) and back (dorsal) The one close to the abdomen is the front (ventral), and the one close to the back is the back (dorsal).

      3.内侧与外侧  近正中面者为内侧，远离正中面者为外侧。

    Medial and lateral sides: The one close to the midline is called the medial side, and the one far away from the midline is called the lateral side.

      4.内与外      近内腔者为内，远内腔者为外。

    Inside and outside: The one closest to the inner cavity is called the inner cavity, and the one farther away from the inner cavity is called the outer cavity.

      5.浅与深     近皮肤者为浅，离皮肤远而近人体内部中心者为深。

    Shallow and deep: those close to the skin are shallow, and those far away from the skin and close to the center of the human body are deep.

     6.近侧与远侧  在四肢，距肢体根部近者为近侧，离肢体根部远者为远侧。

    Proximal and distal In the limbs, the one close to the root of the limb is the proximal side, and the one farthest from the root of the limb is the distal side.

轴向骨骼 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE AXIAL SKELETON

体表标记：Body landmarks:

枕骨粗隆 Occipital protuberance

颞骨乳突 Temporal mastoid process

附肢骨骼  THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

1. 分类： 肢带骨     自由肢骨

1. Classification: Limb girdle bones Free limb bones

2. 上、下肢骨骼的配布：基本对称

2. Distribution of upper and lower limb bones: basically symmetrical

3. 上、下肢骨骼的特点：

3. Characteristics of upper and lower limb bones:

   上肢骨轻巧、关节灵活  适应操纵劳动工具

    Upper limb bones are light and flexible in joints, suitable for manipulating labor tools

    下肢骨粗壮、关节稳固  适应负重与直立行走
    Lower limb bones are strong and stable in joints, suitable for weight bearing and upright walking

下肢带骨： 髋（Kuān）骨

髋骨：

髂（Qià）骨：髂嵴， 髂前、后上棘， 髂前、后下棘

坐骨： 坐骨结节

耻骨：耻骨联合

Bones of the lower limb girdle: Hip bone

Hip bone:

Iliac bone: Iliac crest, anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines

Ischia: Ischial tuberosity

Pubic bone: Pubic symphysis

下肢自由肢骨：股骨 髌骨 胫骨 和腓骨 跗(Fū)骨 跖（Zhí）骨 趾(Zhǐ)骨

股骨：股骨头 股骨颈  大转子 内侧髁 外侧髁

髌骨 

胫骨：胫骨粗隆 内踝

腓骨：腓骨头 外踝

Bones of the lower limb: femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges

Femur: femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, medial condyle and lateral condyle

Patella

Tibia: tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus

Fibula: fibular head and lateral malleolus

骨连接 Joints

肌肉系统 Muscular system

概述
一、肌肉的组织构造分类
二、骨骼肌的构造和分类
三、肌的起、止点和功能
四、肌的命名

Overview
1. Classification of muscle tissue structure
2. Structure and classification of skeletal muscle
3. Origin, insertion and function of muscle
4. Naming of muscle

一、肌肉的组织构造分类
分类 分布 神经支配
平滑肌（内脏肌、不随意肌） 内脏、血管壁 内脏神经
心肌（不随意肌、横纹肌） 心脏壁 内脏神经
骨骼肌（随意肌、横纹肌） 头、躯干、四肢 躯体神经

1. Classification of muscle tissue structure
Classification Distribution Innervation
Smooth muscle (visceral muscle, involuntary muscle) Visceral, blood vessel wall Visceral nerve
Myocardial muscle (involuntary muscle, striated muscle) Heart wall Visceral nerve
Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle, striated muscle) Head, trunk, limbs Somatic nerve

二、骨骼肌的构造和分类
2. Structure and classification of skeletal muscle

（一）肌的构造
肌腹 色红质软 肌纤维 有收缩力
肌腱 色白较硬 胶原纤维 无收缩力

(I) Structure of muscle
Muscle belly Red and soft Muscle fiber Contractile
Tendon White and hard Collagen fiber No contractile force

（二）肌的形态分类
分类位置功能
长肌四肢引起大幅度运动
短肌躯干部深层产生小幅度运动
维持身体姿势
阔肌胸腹壁多种形式运动保护内脏
轮匝肌肉孔裂周围关闭孔裂

(II) Classification of muscle morphology
Classification position function
Long muscles cause large-scale movements in the limbs
Short muscles produce small-scale movements in the deep layer of the trunk
Maintain body posture
Broad muscles of the chest and abdominal wall move in various forms to protect internal organs
Orbicularis muscles close the foramen around the foramen

三、肌的起止点、和作用
肌的起止
肌在固定骨上的附着点称为肌的起点或定点
肌在移动骨上的附着点称为肌的止点或动点

起点Origin:• 肌肉的一端由肌腱连接到保持相对稳定的骨骼上，通常更接近身体的中线。•
止点Insertion:• 肌肉另一端的肌腱附着在肌肉移动的骨骼上.

III. Origin and insertion of muscles, and their functions
Origin and insertion of muscles
The attachment point of a muscle on a fixed bone is called the origin or fixed point of the muscle
The attachment point of a muscle on a moving bone is called the insertion or moving point of the muscle

Origin:• One end of a muscle is connected to a relatively stable bone by a tendon, usually closer to the midline of the body. •
Insertion:• The tendon at the other end of the muscle is attached to the bone that the muscle moves.

四、肌的命名原则
形状：斜方肌，三角肌
位置：冈上肌，骨间肌
形态结构和部位：肱三头肌
大小和位置：腰大肌
起点：胸锁乳突肌, 胸骨舌骨肌
作用：旋后肌,
位置和肌的方向：腹外斜肌, 腹横肌

IV. Principles of muscle naming
Shape: trapezius, deltoid
Location: supraspinatus, interosseous
Morphological structure and location: triceps
Size and location: psoas
Starting point: sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid
Action: supinator,
Location and direction of muscle: external oblique, transverse abdominis

头肌 Muscles of Head

一、Facial Muscles 面肌
（一）Epicranius颅顶肌
枕额肌 Occipitofrontal muscle
帽状腱膜 Galea aponeurosis
额腹 Frontal belly
枕腹 Occipital belly

（二）眼轮匝肌 Orbicularis oculi muscle

（三）口周围肌 Perioral muscle


二、Masticatory Muscles 咀嚼肌

咬肌、颞肌、翼外肌和翼内肌。

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles.

颈肌 Muscles of Neck

颈肌可依其所在位置分为颈浅肌群、舌骨上、下肌群和颈深肌群。

The neck muscles can be divided into superficial neck muscles, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, and deep neck muscles according to their location.

一、颈浅肌和颈外侧肌：1. Superficial and lateral neck muscles:

胸锁乳突肌 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

位置：斜列于颈部两侧 Location: obliquely arranged on both sides of the neck

作用：一侧肌收缩使头向同侧倾斜，脸转向对侧；两侧收缩可使头后仰。

Function: Contraction of one side of the muscle causes the head to tilt to the same side and the face to turn to the opposite side; contraction of both sides can cause the head to tilt back.

二、舌骨上、下肌群 

2. Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

三、颈深肌

3. Deep cervical muscles

躯干肌 Trunk muscles
一、背肌 1. Back muscles

（一）Trapezius 斜方肌
 位于项部和背上部的浅层
 Superficial layer located at the nape and upper back

（二）Latissimus Dorsi背阔肌
 位于背的下半部及胸的后外侧
 Located on the lower back and the posterior and lateral sides of the chest

（三）Erector Spinea竖脊肌
纵列于躯干的背面，脊柱两侧的沟内。

They are located vertically on the back of the trunk, in the grooves on both sides of the spine.

二、Muscles of Thorax 胸肌
胸肌可分为胸上肢肌和胸固有肌。

The chest muscles can be divided into the upper limb muscles and the intrinsic chest muscles.

（一）胸上肢肌

(I) Upper limb muscles

1、胸大肌 Pectoralis Major
位置：覆盖胸廓前壁的大部，呈扇形。
Location: Covers most of the anterior wall of the thorax and is fan-shaped.

2、胸小肌 Pectoralis minor

3、前锯肌 Serratus Anterior

（二）胸肌 Chest muscles

1、IntercostalesExterni肋间外肌,位于各肋间隙的浅层，能提肋助吸气。
2、IntercostalesInterni肋间内肌,位于肋间内肌的深面，可降肋助呼气。

三、Diaphrgam膈
位置：位于胸腹腔之间，成为胸腔的底和腹腔的顶。

Located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, forming the bottom of the thoracic cavity and the top of the abdominal cavity.

中心腱  Central tendon

三个裂孔： Three hiatuses:
主动脉裂孔：第12胸椎高度，主动脉和胸导管通过。

Aortic hiatus: at the height of the 12th thoracic vertebra, through which the aorta and thoracic duct pass.

食管裂孔：第10胸椎高度，食管和迷走神经通过。

Esophageal hiatus: at the height of the 10th thoracic vertebra, through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass.

腔静脉孔：第8胸椎水平，通过下腔静脉。

 Vena cava foramen: at the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra, through which the inferior vena cava passes.

Muscles of breathing 呼吸肌肉
Diaphragm (隔膜)
External intercostalmuscles (肋间外肌)
Internal intercostalmuscles (肋间内肌)

Muscles of the Abdomen 腹肌
•External oblique (外斜肌)
•Internal oblique (内斜肌)
•Transversusabdominis(腹横肌)
•Rectus abdominis (腹直肌)
•Linea alba (connective tissue) (腹白线)

1、Obliquus Externus Abdominis 腹外斜肌
位于腹前外侧部的浅层
Superficial layer located in the anterolateral part of the abdomen

2、Obliquus Internus Abdominis 腹内斜肌
在腹外斜肌深面

Deep to the external oblique muscle

3、Transversus Abdominis 腹横肌
在腹内斜肌深面
Deep to the internal oblique muscle

4、Rectus Abdominis 腹直肌
位于腹前壁正中线的两旁
Located on both sides of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall

5.Linea alba 白线：

由两侧三层扁肌腱膜在腹前壁正线上相互交织而成的纵行纤维索。
A longitudinal fibrous cord formed by three layers of flat muscle aponeurosis on both sides interweaving on the main line of the anterior abdominal wall.

6.腹股沟管 Inguinal canal
位置：位于腹股沟韧带内侧半上方，是肌肉和筋膜间的裂隙，长约 4-5cm。

Located above the medial half of the inguinal ligament, it is a gap between the muscle and fascia, about 4-5cm long.

肩部肌肉及前臂肌 Shoulder and forearm muscles
•Deltoid 三角肌 位于肩部，呈三角形。
•Biceps Brachii 肱二头肌
•Triceps Brachii 肱三头肌

•Flexor carpiradialis(桡侧腕屈肌)
•Flexor carpiulnaris(尺侧腕屈肌)
•Palmaris longus (掌长肌）
•Extensor carpiradialislongus(桡侧腕长伸肌)
•Extensor carpiradialisbrevis(桡侧腕短伸肌)
•Extensor carpiulnaris(尺侧腕伸肌)
•Extensor（趾伸肌）

Buttocks (臀部肌)
•Gluteus maximus(臀大肌)
•Gluteus medius(臀中肌)
•Gluteus minimus(臀小肌)

Muscles of the Thigh (大腿肌肉)

（一）前群 Front Group
Sartorius(缝匠肌)
Quadriceps femoris (股四头肌):
Rectus femoris(股直肌)
Vastus lateralis(股外侧肌)
Vastus medialis(股内侧肌)
Vastus intermedius(股中间肌)

（二）后群 Hamstring muscles (腿后肌群)
Semimembranosus(半膜肌)
Semitendinosus(半腱肌)
Biceps femoris(股二头肌)

Muscles of the Lower Leg 小腿肌肉（前群）
Tibialisanterior(胫骨前肌)
Extensor digitorum longus （趾长伸肌）

Muscles of the Lower Leg 小腿肌肉（后群）
•Triceps surae(小腿三头肌)
Gastrocnemius(腓肠肌)
Achilles tendon (跟腱)
Soleus (比目鱼肌)

感觉器官 Sense organs

感受细胞连同其附属结构组成了感觉器官，如眼、耳、鼻等

Receptor cells and their accessory structures make up sense organs, such as eyes, ears, nose, etc.

眼eye

耳 ear

◆听觉感受器——感受声音

◆Auditory receptors - sense sound

◆位觉感受器——感受头部位置变动和运动速度等

◆Position receptors - sense changes in head position and movement speed, etc.

•Outer Ear 外耳

•Middle Ear中耳

•Inner Ear 内耳

•Outer Ear 外耳:

Auricle(Pinna)耳廓

External Auditory canal 外耳道

Tympanic membrane 鼓膜

•Middle Ear中耳:

Three bones–malleus锤骨, incus砧骨, stapes镫骨

Eustachian tube 咽鼓管–pharynx咽

Oval Window 椭圆窗

•Inner Ear 内耳:

Cochlea 耳蜗

Semi circular canals 半规管

内分泌系统 Endocrine system

内分泌系统是由腺体组成的, 每个腺体都分泌不同 类型的激素，直接进⼊⾎液以维持体内平衡。 

The endocrine system is made up of glands, each of which secretes different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis in the body.

 内分泌系统 ·松果体 ·垂体 ·甲状腺 ·甲状旁腺 ·胰岛 ·肾上腺 ·性腺 ·卵巢（⼥性） ·睾丸（男）

 Endocrine system ·Pineal gland ·Pituitary gland ·Thyroid gland ·Parathyroid gland ·Pancreatic islets ·Adrenal glands ·Gonads ·Ovaries (female) ·Testicles (male)

松果体, ⼀个⼩的, 扁平 的, 锥形的位于丘脑两部分之 间的结构，在许多动物和⼈类 中产⽣⼀种激素，称为 褪⿊激 素。 

The pineal gland, a small, flat, cone-shaped structure located between two parts of the thalamus, produces a hormone called melatonin in many animals and humans.

甲状旁腺 Parathyroid glands

·甲状旁腺通常有四个， 嵌⼊甲状腺的背⾯。 

甲状旁腺激素 ·甲状旁腺激素

 · There are usually four parathyroid glands, embedded in the back of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid hormone · Parathyroid hormone

胰岛 ·胰腺的内分泌功能由胰岛执⾏——⼩的、⾼度⾎管化的 细胞团散布在整个胰腺中， 仅占整个器官的 1% ⾄ 3%。

Islets of Langerhans · The endocrine functions of the pancreas are performed by islets of Langerhans—small, highly vascularized cell clusters scattered throughout the pancreas that make up only 1% to 3% of the entire organ.

胰岛激素 Islet Hormones

 ·胰岛素-β细胞 · Insulin—beta cells

·胰⾼⾎糖素 (胰腺⾼⾎糖素)—阿尔法细胞

· Glucagon (pancreatic glycogen)—alpha cells

肾上腺 ·肾上腺是成对的⻩⾊组 织块，位于每个肾脏的上 极。

每个腺体由两个不同的部 分组成——肾上腺⽪质 （位于外侧）和肾上腺髓 质（位于内侧）。

Adrenal Glands · The adrenal glands are paired yellow masses of tissue located at the upper pole of each kidney.

Each gland is made up of two distinct parts – the adrenal cortex (on the outside) and the adrenal medulla (on the inside).

NERVOUS SYSTEM 神经系统

神经系统是机体内的主导系统，由脑、脊髓以及与它们相连的周围神 经构成；它对机体各系统起控制和协调作用，使机体能随内外环境的变化 做出适应性反应

The nervous system is the dominant system in the body, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves connected to them; it controls and coordinates the various systems of the body, enabling the body to respond adaptively to changes in the internal and external environment.

●中枢神经系统： 脑 脊髓 

Central nervous system: brain spinal cord

周围神经系统： 12对颅神经 31对脊神经

Peripheral nervous system: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves

●神经元（神经细胞）

Neurons (nerve cells)

●神经细胞提供神经系统的大部分独特功能

Nerve cells provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

●神经胶质细胞 支持、滋养和保护神经元.神经胶质或神经胶质比神 经元小，比神经元多5到50倍。

●Glial cells support, nourish and protect neurons. Glia or neuroglia are smaller than neurons and are 5 to 50 times more numerous than neurons.

●神经元（神经细胞）

Neurons (nerve cells)

（1）细胞体——细胞核、细胞质、细胞器等

  (1) Cell body - nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, etc.

（2）树突（树突） - 接收或输入神经元的部分

  (2) Dendrites (Dendrites) - the receiving or input part of a neuron

（3）轴突通过煤介传送神经冲动向另一个神经元、 肌纤维或腺体细胞传播。 神经细胞的组成部分 由多层脂质和蛋白质覆盖物包围的轴突被称为髓鞘。 没有这种覆盖物的轴突是无髓鞘的 髓鞘)

(3) The axon transmits the nerve impulse through the media to another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland cell. The axon is surrounded by a multilayered covering of lipids and proteins called the myelin sheath. An axon without this covering is unmyelinated.

●中枢神经系统

Central nervous system

脑：在大脑中，一层薄薄的灰质覆盖着大脑最大部分，大脑和小脑的表面。

 ●外部部分 - 灰质 内部 – 白质

○ 脊髓：在脊髓中，白质围绕灰质的内核。它的形状像蝴蝶或字母H;

○外部部分 - 白质 内部 – 灰质 

Brain: In the brain, a thin layer of gray matter covers the surface of the largest parts of the brain, the cerebrum and cerebellum.

● External part - gray matter Internal - white matter

○ Spinal cord: In the spinal cord, white matter surrounds an inner core of gray matter. It is shaped like a butterfly or the letter H;

○ External part - white matter Internal - gray matter

白质主要由有髓鞘轴突组成。髓磷脂的白色使白质得名。 灰质包含神经细胞体、树突、无髓鞘轴突、轴突末梢和神 经胶质细胞。它看起来是灰色的，而不是白色的。 血管存在于白质和灰质中。

White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons. The white color of myelin gives white matter its name. Gray matter contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and glial cells. It appears gray, not white. Blood vessels are present in both white and gray matter.

脑的区分

Brain division

大脑

Cerebrum

■左半球 右半球 (通过胼胝体连接 )

■Left hemisphere Right hemisphere (connected by corpus callosum)

脑干 Brainstem

脑脊液填充大脑和脊髓中软脑膜和蛛网膜之间的蛛网膜下腔空间。脑脊液也填充大脑中称为脑室的空间。

CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane in the brain and spinal cord. CSF also fills spaces in the brain called ventricles.

脊髓节段 ⎯ 与每一对脊神经相连 的脊髓的一段称为一个脊髓节段；

共31个节段 

脊髓下端 ⎯ (成人) 第1腰椎下缘

Spinal cord segment ⎯ A section of the spinal cord connected to each pair of spinal nerves is called a spinal cord segment;
31 segments in total
Lower end of the spinal cord ⎯ (Adult) Lower edge of the first lumbar vertebra

脊髓的内部结构 ― 灰质 (Grey matter) 灰 质

Internal structure of the spinal cord - Grey matter Grey matter

脊髓的内部结构―白质(White matter) 上行下行的神经纤维束 

Internal structure of the spinal cord - White matter Ascending and descending nerve fiber bundles

●脑膜也向下延伸并围绕形成脊髓周围保护层。

●The meninges also extend downward and surround the spinal cord to form a protective layer.

躯体神经系统(SNS) - 控制骨骼肌，受意志控制

自主神经系统(ANS) - 控制不自主的平滑肌和腺体，不受意志直接控制

Somatic nervous system (SNS) - controls skeletal muscles, under voluntary control
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - controls involuntary smooth muscles and glands, not under direct voluntary control

自主神经系统(ANS) - 也称为植物 性神经。内脏 运动神经是控制和调节动植物共有物质代谢活动，

    交感神经 -  副交感神经

   Sympathetic nerve - Parasympathetic nerve

   （一）交感神经 sympathetic nerve 低级中枢：脊髓T1—L3侧角 周围部 交感干 交感神经节 神经节分支 神经丛 交感部

(I) Sympathetic nerve sympathetic nerve Lower center: lateral angle of spinal cord T1-L3 

（二）副交感神经 parasympathetic nerve

（1）低级中枢 脑干副交感神经核

   1) Lower center Brainstem

（2）脊髓骶部：脊髓骶2—4节段 的骶副交感核 

   2) Sacral spinal cord: sacral parasympathetic nuclei in sacral segments 2-4

Cardiovascular System--心血管系统 (循环系统）

• Heart---- 心脏 • Blood----血液 • The Blood Vessels---- 血管

心的体表投影：

Surface projection of the heart:

心脏位置 ⮚胸腔中纵膈内（相当于第2-6 肋软骨或5-8胸椎之间的范围）。 ⮚2/3位于身体正中线的左侧， 1/3在右侧。 1/3 2/3 心脏位置 ⮚长轴：右后上—左前下 ⮚长轴与持笔方向一致 ⮚心尖搏动左侧第五肋间隙锁骨 中线内侧1~2cm。 心脏大小 ⮚本人拳头大小 ⮚心胸比例45-50% 

Heart position ⮚Inside the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity (equivalent to the range between the 2nd-6th costal cartilages or the 5th-8th thoracic vertebrae). ⮚2/3 is located on the left side of the midline of the body, and 1/3 is on the right side. 1/3 2/3 Heart position ⮚Long axis: right posterior upper-left anterior lower ⮚Long axis is consistent with the direction of holding the pen ⮚The apex beats on the left side of the fifth intercostal space, 1~2cm inside the midline of the clavicle. Heart size ⮚The size of my fist ⮚Heart-chest ratio 45-50%

心包 是包裹在心和出入心的大血管根部的膜性结构 心包pericardium 纤维心包 浆膜心包
Pericardium is a membranous structure that wraps around the heart and the roots of the large blood vessels entering and leaving the heart Pericardium Fiber pericardium Serous pericardium

心有四个腔 左心房 左心室 右心房 右心室 左右不通 上下通

The heart has four chambers: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle.

右心房 right atrium 

前部：固有心房

后部：腔静脉窦 上腔静脉口 下腔静脉口  

Front: Proper atrium

Back: Vena cava sinus, superior vena cava orifice, inferior vena cava orifice

右心室 Right ventricle  

流入道： （窦部） 

流 出 道 ： （漏斗部 ） 三尖瓣 肺动脉瓣

Inflow tract: (sinus)

Outflow tract: (infundibulum) Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve

左心房 left atrium 

前部 : 固有心房 

后部: 左心房窦 四个肺静脉入口 左房室口

Anterior: proper atrium

Posterior: left atrial sinus, four pulmonary vein entrances, left atrioventricular orifice

左心室 left ventricle 分两部（以二尖瓣前瓣为界分） 

流入道：二尖瓣   

流出道： 主动脉瓣

The left ventricle is divided into two parts (divided by the anterior mitral valve)

Inflow: mitral valve

Outflow: aortic valve

四个心室 ：

1. 右心房是一个薄壁腔室，接收来自身体组织的低氧血液。

2. 右心室泵送从右心房接收到的静脉血并将其输送到肺部.  

3. 左心房接收从肺部返回的含氧量高的血液.

4. 左心室壁最厚，将含氧血液泵送到身体的各个部位。这 些血液通过动脉，将血液从心脏输送到组织的血管.

Four ventricles:

1. The right atrium is a thin-walled chamber that receives low-oxygen blood from body tissues.

2. The right ventricle pumps venous blood received from the right atrium and delivers it to the lungs.

3. The left atrium receives highly oxygenated blood returning from the lungs.

4. The left ventricle has the thickest walls and pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. This blood passes through arteries, blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to tissues.

四个瓣膜：由于心室是泵室，因此瓣膜都是单向的，位于每个心室 的入口和出口处。

三尖瓣 – 右心室

二尖瓣 – 左心室

肺动脉瓣

主动脉瓣 

Four valves: Since the ventricles are pumping chambers, the valves are unidirectional and are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle.

Tricuspid valve – right ventricle

Mitral valve – left ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

体循环（大循环） 左心室→主动脉及其各级分支→器官内毛细血管→ 右心房

肺循环（小循环） 右心室→ 肺动脉及其各级分支→ 肺泡毛细血管 →肺静脉及其各级属支 →左心房

心的血管 心的血液供应来自左、右冠状动脉 

Systemic circulation (large circulation) Left ventricle → aorta and its branches → capillaries in organs → right atrium

Pulmonary circulation (small circulation) Right ventricle → pulmonary artery and its branches → alveolar capillaries → pulmonary vein and its branches → left atrium

Blood vessels of the heart The blood supply of the heart comes from the left and right coronary arteries

心传导系

（一）窦房结 位置：上腔静脉与右心房交界处 功能： 心的正常起搏点

（二）房室结 位置：房间隔下部右侧心内膜下 功能：将窦房结传来的兴奋发 生短暂延搁再传向心室

（三）房室束（His束） 1、右束支 2、左束支 3、Purkinje 纤维网 房室束、束支和Purkinje 纤维网的功能是将心房传来的兴奋迅速传播 到整个心室的心肌。

Cardiac conduction system

(I) Sinoatrial node Location: Junction of superior vena cava and right atrium Function: Normal pacemaker of the heart

(II) Atrioventricular node Location: Under the right endocardium of the lower part of the atrial septum Function: Delay the excitation from the sinoatrial node briefly and then transmit it to the ventricle

(III) Atrioventricular bundle (His bundle) 1. Right bundle branch 2. Left bundle branch 3. Purkinje fiber network The function of the atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches and Purkinje fiber network is to quickly transmit the excitation from the atrium to the myocardium of the entire ventricle.

 淋巴系统

Lymphatic system

• 淋巴器官： 淋巴结 扁桃腺 胸腺 脾

淋巴管 淋巴毛细管 淋巴管 淋巴干 胸导管或右淋巴管  

• 胸腺位于心脏上方的胸部上部。 产生一种叫做胸腺素的激素，它有助 于某些白细胞的发育，称为T淋巴细 胞，有助于保护身体免受外来生物的 侵害。 腺体在出生前和生命早期最活跃，在 儿童时期很大，但随着成年期逐渐缩小

• Lymphatic organs: Lymph nodes Tonsils Thymus Spleen

Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic capillaries Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic trunks Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

• The thymus gland is located in the upper part of the chest above the heart. It produces a hormone called thymosin, which aids in the development of certain white blood cells, called T lymphocytes, which help protect the body from foreign organisms. The gland is most active before birth and early in life and is large during childhood, but gradually shrinks as we age.

呼吸系统 Respiratory System

鼻 → 咽 → 喉 → （上呼吸道） 气管（下呼吸道） → 各级支气管 → 肺：

主要的气体交换的场所 

Nose → pharynx → larynx → (upper respiratory tract) trachea (lower respiratory tract) → bronchi at all levels → lungs:

Main site for gas exchange

一、鼻 ⎯ 包括外鼻、鼻腔、鼻旁窦

鼻前庭 : 内衬皮肤, 有鼻毛

固有鼻腔 : 内衬黏膜 

外鼻：鼻根；鼻背；鼻尖；鼻翼

1. Nose - including external nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses

Nasal vestibule: lined with skin, with nasal hair

Proper nasal cavity: lined with mucosa

External nose: root of nose; dorsum of nose; tip of nose; wing of nose

上壁－筛板：

内侧壁－鼻中隔：

外侧壁 下壁－硬腭 上鼻甲 中鼻甲 下鼻甲

上鼻道 中鼻道 下鼻道 鼻泪管开口

鼻腔：鼻阈 嗅神经 

Upper wall - cribriform plate:

Medial wall - nasal septum:

Lateral wall Lower wall - hard palate Superior turbinate Middle turbinate Inferior turbinate

Superior nasal meatus Middle nasal meatus Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal duct opening

Nasal cavity: Nasal threshold Olfactory nerve

鼻旁窦 ：额窦 上颌窦  筛窦 蝶窦 ⎯ 鼻腔周围颅骨内的含气腔隙； 内衬黏膜、开口于鼻腔

Paranasal sinuses: frontal sinus maxillary sinus ethmoid sinus sphenoid sinus - air-filled spaces in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity; lined with mucous membrane and opening into the nasal cavity

• 位于鼻腔正后方的上部称为鼻咽部，位于嘴后面的中间部分 称为口咽部, 最低的部分称为喉咽部. 这最后一部分通向喉部， 在前方，通向喉部，食管在后面。

• The upper part just behind the nasal cavity is called the nasopharynx, the middle part behind the mouth is called the oropharynx, and the lowest part is called the laryngopharynx. This last part leads to the larynx, in front, and the esophagus in the back.

二、喉 (larynx) ⎯ 位于咽和气管之间的一个管道， 既是呼吸道的一部分，又是发音器 官；它由喉软骨连接形成支架， 内外分别覆以喉粘膜喉和喉肌构成 在喉的上端是声带，它们用于产生 语音。 男性的喉部比女性大得多；因此， 喉结在男性中更为突出。喉前端的 软骨主要为甲状软骨 

2. Larynx - A tube between the pharynx and the trachea that is both part of the respiratory tract and a vocal organ; it is made up of laryngeal cartilages connected to form a support, covered inside and outside by laryngeal mucosa, larynx and laryngeal muscles. At the top of the larynx are the vocal cords, which are used to produce speech. The male larynx is much larger than the female larynx; therefore, the Adam's apple is more prominent in males. The cartilage at the front of the larynx is mainly the thyroid cartilage.

三、气管、支气管、肺

气管 trachea  气管是一根从喉部下缘延 伸到心脏上方的胸部的管 子。■ 它有一个软骨框架来保持 它的开放。这些软骨的形 状有点像小马蹄铁或字母 C，整个气管都包含着软骨。

左主支气管: 细长、较倾斜 右主支气管: 粗短、较陡直

肺内支气管和支气管肺段 每一肺段支气管及其所分布的肺组织 构成一结构和功能相对独立的单位，称之 为支气管肺段。

3. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Trachea The trachea is a tube that extends from the lower edge of the larynx to the chest above the heart. ■ It has a cartilage frame to keep it open. The shape of these cartilages is a bit like a small horseshoe or the letter C, and the entire trachea contains cartilage.

Left main bronchus: slender and relatively inclined Right main bronchus: thick and short, relatively steep

Intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments Each segment of the bronchus and the lung tissue distributed in it constitute a relatively independent unit in structure and function, called a bronchopulmonary segment.

肺 lung 肺尖; 肺底 肋面; 内侧面: 肺门

左肺: 左肺心切迹; 上叶 下叶

右肺: 斜裂+水平裂 ⎯ 上、中、下叶  

lung lung apex; lung base rib surface; medial surface: hilum

left lung: left cardiac notch; upper lobe lower lobe

right lung: oblique fissure + horizontal fissure ⎯ upper, middle and lower lobes

 • 支气管越来越小，软骨量越来越少。 • 在细支气管中根本没有软骨；剩下的大部分是 平滑肌，由自主神经系统控制。 在支气管树的每个最小分支的末端，称为 末端细支气管，是一簇气囊，类似于一串 葡萄。这些囊被称为肺泡。

• The bronchi get smaller and smaller, with less and less cartilage. • In the bronchioles there is no cartilage at all; what remains is mostly smooth muscle, controlled by the autonomic nervous system. At the end of each of the smallest branches of the bronchial tree, called the terminal bronchioles, is a cluster of air sacs that resemble a bunch of grapes. These sacs are called alveoli.

每个肺泡是一个单细胞层。当血液循环通 过肺泡的数百万个微小毛细血管时，这个 非常薄的壁为进入和离开血液的气体提供 了方便的通道。

Each alveolus is a single cell layer. This very thin wall provides an easy passage for gases to enter and leave the blood as blood circulates through the millions of tiny capillaries in the alveoli.

四、胸膜：脏层，壁层，其中是负压空腔

4. Pleura: visceral layer, parietal layer, and negative pressure cavity

五、纵隔 ⎯ 位于胸腔中部的所有 器官和结缔组织的总称; 它 将胸腔分为左、右两部分

纵隔 mediastinum： 胸腺、心、心包 进出心的大血管 气管、食管、胸导管

5. Mediastinum - the general term for all organs and connective tissues located in the middle of the chest cavity; it divides the chest cavity into left and right parts

Mediastinum: thymus, heart, pericardium, large blood vessels in and out of the heart, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct

消化系统 Digestive System

消化道，一条连续的通道，从口腔开始，食物被摄入， 终止于肛门，消化的固体废物被排出体外 辅助器官(消化腺)，是消化过程所必需的，但不是消化 道的直接部分。它们通过管道将物质释放到消化道中。

Alimentary tract, a continuous passage that begins at the mouth, where food is taken in, and ends at the anus, where solid waste products of digestion are excreted Accessory organs (digestive glands), which are necessary for the digestive process but are not a direct part of the alimentary tract. They release substances into the alimentary tract through tubes.

 一、 口腔 (Oral cavity) 口腔以上、下牙弓为界 上唇 下唇 口裂、口角。

 口腔的前壁为唇、侧壁为颊、顶为腭、前部为硬腭，后部为软腭，口腔底为黏膜和肌等结构。 

1. Oral cavity The oral cavity is bounded by the upper and lower dental arches, upper lip, lower lip, cleft mouth, and corners of mouth.

The front wall of the oral cavity is the lip, the side wall is the cheek, the top is the palate, the front part is the hard palate, the back is the soft palate, and the floor of the oral cavity is composed of mucosa and muscle structures.

二、咽 (pharynx) ⎯ 前后略扁的漏斗形肌性管道,分为鼻咽、 口咽、喉咽三部分,是消化道与呼吸道的共 同通路

■ 咽部通常被称为喉咙。  

■ 咽部也向上延伸至鼻腔并向下延伸至喉部水 平。

2. Pharynx - a funnel-shaped muscular tube that is slightly flattened front and back. It is divided into three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. It is the common passage for the digestive tract and respiratory tract.

■ The pharynx is usually called the throat.

■ The pharynx also extends upward to the nasal cavity and downward to the level of the larynx.

三、食管 (esophagus) ⎯连接咽与胃的肌性管道，全长约 25-27cm. 分为颈、胸、腹三段 食管的生理狭窄

第一狭窄：与咽的连接处 距中切牙约 15cm

第二狭窄：与左支气管交叉处 距中切牙约 25cm

第三狭窄：经膈的食管裂孔处 距中切牙约 40cm 

3. Esophagus - a muscular tube connecting the pharynx and stomach, with a total length of about 25-27cm. It is divided into three sections: cervical, thoracic, and abdominal. Physiological stenosis of the esophagus

First stenosis: the junction with the pharynx is about 15cm away from the central incisor

Second stenosis: the intersection with the left bronchus is about 25cm away from the central incisor

Third stenosis: the esophageal hiatus through the diaphragm is about 40cm away from the central incisor

四、胃 (Stomach) 分部 贲门部 胃底 胃体 幽门部

4. Stomach Division Cardiac Fundus Body Pyloric

五、小肠 (small intestine) ⎯ 包括十二指肠、空肠、回肠

 小肠是消化道最长的部分。它被称为小肠，因为它虽然比大 肠长，但直径更小，平均宽度约为 2.5 厘米。小肠长约 6 m。 小肠的前 25 厘米左右组成十二指肠。

十二指肠（Duodenum)  十二指肠大乳头 ← 胰管，十二指肠小乳头 ← 副胰管 

十二指肠之外还有两个部分：空肠，它构成了小肠接下来的 五分之二，位于左上腹。回肠，构成了剩余的部分 (3/5)，位于  右下腹。

空肠与回肠为小肠的主体部分，借小肠系膜 悬吊于腹后壁, 空肠与回肠两 者间没有的分界标志

5. Small intestine - includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

The small intestine is the longest part of the digestive tract. It is called the small intestine because, although it is longer than the large intestine, it has a smaller diameter, with an average width of about 2.5 cm. The small intestine is about 6 m long. The first 25 cm or so of the small intestine constitutes the duodenum.

Duodenum Duodenum papilla ← pancreatic duct, duodenum papilla ← accessory pancreatic duct

There are two other parts outside the duodenum: the jejunum, which makes up the next two-fifths of the small intestine and is located in the left upper abdomen. The ileum, which makes up the remaining part (3/5), is located in the right lower abdomen.

The jejunum and ileum are the main parts of the small intestine, suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the small intestinal mesentery, and there is no dividing mark between the jejunum and ileum

六、大肠 (large intestine) 盲肠 (cecum) 和阑尾 (appendix) 升结肠 横结肠 ⎯ 横结肠系膜 降结肠 乙状结肠 ⎯ 乙状结肠系膜 结肠 (colon) 直肠 (rectum) 肛管 (anal canal)

大肠直径约 6.5 厘米，长约 1.5 米。 大肠开始于腹部的右下区域。

第一部分是一个小袋子，叫做盲肠. 附在盲肠是一个小的盲管，内含淋巴组织；它被称为阑尾，阑尾的形态 蚯蚓状、 一般 5-7cm长 ，该组织因感染而发炎或障 碍是阑尾炎。

第二部分， 为升结肠，向上延伸沿腹部右侧朝向肝脏。然后大肠弯曲穿过腹部，形 成横结肠。此时它急剧弯曲并延伸腹部左侧向下进入骨盆，形成降结肠。 结肠下部弯曲后面呈 S 形并继续向下乙状结肠。远端大肠的狭窄部分是叫做肛管。 末端叫做肛门。

VI. Large Intestine Cecum and Appendix Ascending colon Transverse colon ⎯ transverse colon mesocolon Descending colon Sigmoid colon ⎯ sigmoid colon mesocolon Colon Rectum Anal canal

The large intestine is about 6.5 cm in diameter and about 1.5 m long. The large intestine begins in the lower right area of the abdomen.

The first part is a small bag called the cecum. Attached to the cecum is a small blind tube containing lymphatic tissue; it is called the appendix, which is worm-like in shape and is generally 5-7 cm long. Inflammation or obstruction of this tissue due to infection is appendicitis.

The second part, the ascending colon, extends upward along the right side of the abdomen toward the liver. The large intestine then bends through the abdomen to form the transverse colon. At this point it bends sharply and extends down the left side of the abdomen into the pelvis to form the descending colon. The lower part of the colon bends back into an S shape and continues down the sigmoid colon. The narrow part of the distal large intestine is called the anal canal. The end is called the anus.

消化腺 Digestive glands

口腔唾液腺： 腮腺 下颌下腺 舌下腺 

腮腺最大，位于耳朵下方和前方。

Oral salivary glands: Parotid gland Submandibular gland Sublingual gland

The parotid gland is the largest and is located below and in front of the ear.

 肝 (liver；hepato-) 位置：主要位于右季肋区和腹上区

体表投影 上缘：于右锁骨中线处平第5肋 右季肋区 ⎯ 与肋弓下缘一致 腹上区 ⎯ 剑突下2-3 cm 下缘 5 th rib 2-3cm

肝脏， 是身体最大的腺体。 它位于膈下腹腔的右上部分。正常大小的肝 脏下缘与肋骨下缘齐平。 人的肝脏和超市里看到的动物肝脏是一样的 红棕色。它有一个大的右叶和一个较小的左 叶。

肝脏通过两条血管供血：门静脉和肝动脉。

Liver (liver; hepato-) Location: mainly located in the right hypochondrium and epigastric region

Body surface projection Upper edge: at the level of the 5th rib at the right midclavicular line Right hypochondrium ⎯ in line with the lower edge of the costal arch Epigastric region ⎯ 2-3 cm below the xiphoid process Lower edge 5th rib 2-3cm

The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm. The lower edge of a normal-sized liver is flush with the lower edge of the ribs. The human liver is the same reddish-brown color as the animal livers you see in supermarkets. It has a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe.

The liver is supplied with blood through two blood vessels: the portal vein and the hepatic artery.

胆囊位于肝脏的下面

胆囊：呈倒梨形 胆囊底 胆囊体 胆囊颈

肝外胆道 Extrahepatic bile ducts 构 成 胆囊 胆囊管 胆总管

The gallbladder is located below the liver

Gallbladder: inverted pear-shaped Gallbladder fundus Gallbladder body Gallbladder neck

Extrahepatic bile ducts Extrahepatic bile ducts Composition Gallbladder Cystic duct Common bile duct

胰 Pancreas 位置：横行于第1-2腰椎前方, 胃的后方

胰头，胰体， 胰尾 

胰管：行于胰实质内，与其 长轴平行 

Pancreas Location: running horizontally in front of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae, behind the stomach

Head, body and tail of the pancreas

Pancreatic duct: running in the pancreatic parenchyma, parallel to its long axis

消化道的壁

• 从食道到肛门的消化道壁在整 个结构上都相似。 • 黏膜 • 粘膜下层 • 平滑肌 • 浆膜这是一部分腹膜。

The wall of the digestive tract

• The wall of the digestive tract from the esophagus to the anus is similar throughout its structure. • Mucosa • Submucosa • Smooth muscle • Serosa This is part of the peritoneum.

腹膜 • 腹腔内衬有一层薄而有光泽 的浆膜，也覆盖了大部分腹 部。

• 这种膜排列在腹部的部分称 为壁层腹膜；覆盖器官被称 为内脏腹膜。

• 肠系膜是腹膜的双层部分， 呈扇形。把手部分附在后壁 上，膨胀的长边附在小肠上。

 • 从结肠延伸到后壁的腹膜部 分是结肠系膜. 

网膜 

• 大网膜 含有大量脂肪的大双层腹膜像围裙一样悬挂在肠 道前部。从胃的下缘延伸到腹部的骨盆部分，然后循环回到横结肠。 

• 小网膜 在胃和肝脏之间延伸

Peritoneum • The abdominal cavity is lined with a thin, shiny layer of serous membrane that also covers much of the abdomen.

• The portion of this membrane that lines the abdomen is called the parietal peritoneum; the portion that covers the organs is called the visceral peritoneum.

• The mesentery is a double-layered portion of the peritoneum that is fan-shaped. The knob portion is attached to the back wall, and the long, inflated side is attached to the small intestine.

• The portion of the peritoneum that extends from the colon to the back wall is the mesocolon.

Omentum

• Greater Omentum A large double-layered membrane containing a lot of fat that hangs like an apron over the front of the intestine. It extends from the lower edge of the stomach to the pelvic portion of the abdomen and then loops back to the transverse colon.

• Lesser Omentum Extends between the stomach and liver

泌尿系统