OM301

解剖学 Anatomy

解剖学是研究生物体内部结构的科学，包括生物体的形态、组织结构、器官之间的关系。解剖学通常通过观察和研究生物体的内部和外部结构来揭示生物体的组织构造和器官功能。

Anatomy is the science that studies the internal structure of an organism, including its shape, tissue structure, and the relationship between organs. Anatomy usually reveals the tissue structure and organ functions of an organism by observing and studying its internal and external structures.

解剖学又有很多分支，系统解剖学是解剖学的一个分支，主要研究人体各个系统的结构、组成和功能。这些系统包括运动系统（肌肉、骨骼），循环系统（心脏、血管）、消化系统（胃、肠道）、呼吸系统（肺部、气管）、泌尿系统（肾脏、膀胱）、内分泌系统（腺体、激素）、神经系统（大脑、脊髓）等。

Anatomy has many branches. Systemic anatomy is a branch of anatomy that mainly studies the structure, composition and function of various systems of the human body. These systems include the motor system (muscles, bones), the circulatory system (heart, blood vessels), the digestive system (stomach, intestines), the respiratory system (lungs, trachea), the urinary system (kidneys, bladder), and the endocrine system (glands). , hormones), nervous system (brain, spinal cord), etc.

系统解剖学帮助我们了解不同系统的结构特征、功能作用以及它们之间的相互关系，对于医学、生物学等领域具有重要意义的理论和实践意义。

Systems anatomy helps us understand the structural characteristics, functional roles and interrelationships between different systems, which has important theoretical and practical significance for medicine, biology and other fields.

时间表schedule
概况Overview
骨骼skeleton
关节joint
肌肉muscle
感觉器官sense organs

jintripp@gamil.com

1	Sep. 3	Skeleton-1 运动系统-骨骼-1
2	Sep. 10	Skeleton-2 运动系统-骨骼-2
3	Sep. 17	Joints 运动系统-关节
4	Sep. 24	Muscle-1运动系统-肌肉-1
5	Oct. 1	Muscle-2 运动系统-肌肉-2
6	Oct. 8	Sense organs 感觉器官
7	Oct. 15	Midterm 期中考试
8	Oct. 22	endocrine system 内分泌系统
9	Oct. 29	nervous system 神经系统
10	Nov.5	cardiovascular system 心血管系统
11	Nov. 12	respiratory system 呼吸系统
12	Nov. 19	digestive system消化系统-1
13	Nov. 26	digestive system消化系统-2
14	Dec. 3	urinary system 泌尿系统
15	Dec.10	Final 期末考试

基本解剖学术语 Anatomical Terms

1.解剖学位置 Anatomical position

人体直立，两眼向正前方平视，两上肢自然下垂，手掌向前，两足并立，足尖向前。

The human body is upright, with eyes looking straight ahead, both upper limbs drooping naturally, palms facing forward, feet standing side by side, toes pointed forward.

2.方位术语 Direction terms

上下： Superior - Inferior

前后: Anterior- Posterior (腹侧 « 背侧)

内侧 « 外侧：Medial « Lateral

浅 « 深：Superficial « Deep

近侧 « 远侧：Proximal « Distal

1.上(颅侧)与下(尾侧) 近颅者为上，近足者为下。

The upper (cranial side) and lower (caudal side) ones closer to the head are upper, and those closer to the feet are lower.

2.前(腹侧)与后(背侧) 近腹者为前(腹侧)，近背面者为后(背侧)。

Front (ventral) and back (dorsal) The one close to the abdomen is the front (ventral), and the one close to the back is the back (dorsal).

3.内侧与外侧近正中面者为内侧，远离正中面者为外侧。

Medial and lateral sides: The one close to the midline is called the medial side, and the one far away from the midline is called the lateral side.

4.内与外近内腔者为内，远内腔者为外。

Inside and outside: The one closest to the inner cavity is called the inner cavity, and the one farther away from the inner cavity is called the outer cavity.

5.浅与深近皮肤者为浅，离皮肤远而近人体内部中心者为深。

Shallow and deep: those close to the skin are shallow, and those far away from the skin and close to the center of the human body are deep.

6.近侧与远侧在四肢，距肢体根部近者为近侧，离肢体根部远者为远侧。

Proximal and distal In the limbs, the one close to the root of the limb is the proximal side, and the one farthest from the root of the limb is the distal side.

3. 断面术语 Plane terms

矢状面： Sagittal planes:

将人体分成左、右两部分的纵切面若将人体分成相等的左、右两半的断面，称正中矢状面。

The longitudinal section that divides the human body into left and right parts. If the human body is divided into two equal halves, it is called the median sagittal plane.

冠状面： Coronal planes

将人体分成前、后两部分的断面。

A cross section that divides the human body into front and back parts.

水平面： Transverse planes

与上述两个平面相垂直，将人体分成上、下两部分的断面。

Transverse planes that is perpendicular to the above two planes and divides the human body into upper and lower parts.

1.骨的分类 Classification of Bones

位置 Position

中轴骨：颅骨 Cranial bones 躯干骨 Trunk bones

附肢骨 Appendicular bones

•成人骨骼有206块命名的骨骼，分为两个主要部分。这些是轴向和附着骨。

•The adult skeleton has 206 named bones divided into two main parts. These are the axial and attachment bones.
轴骨架由围绕轴线的骨骼组成。
附着骨由中轴组外的身体骨骼组成。这些是上肢和下肢。

The axial skeleton consists of the bones surrounding the axis.
The attachment bones consist of the bones of the body outside the axial group. These are the upper and lower limbs.

形态 Shape

长骨: 管状骨 Long bones: tubular bones

短骨: 立方形 Short bones: cubic

扁骨：外板+内板+板障 Flat bones: outer plate + inner plate + lamella

不规则骨：形态不规则 Irregular bones: irregular shapes

长骨，只要它的长度大于它的宽度，就被称为长骨。最明显的长骨在手臂和腿部。

A long bone is called a long bone as long as it is longer than it is wide. The most obvious long bones are in the arms and legs.

短骨的长度、宽度和厚度大致相等，它们发生在手腕和脚踝。

Short bones are roughly equal in length, width, and thickness, and they occur in the wrists and ankles.

扁平的骨头很薄或弯曲，更多时候它们是扁平的。这包括肋骨、肩胛骨、胸骨和颅骨。

Flat bones are thin or curved, and more often they are flat. This includes the ribs, shoulder blades, sternum, and skull.

不规则的骨骼，它们不适合任何其他类别。例如椎骨、面部和髋骨。

Irregular bones, they do not fit into any other category. Examples include vertebrae, face, and hip bones.

2. 骨的构造 Structure of Bones

骨质 Osseous tissue

骨密质 Compact bone

骨松质 Spongy bone

骨髓 Bone marrow

长骨的骨腔含有黄色骨髓。The bone cavities of long bones contain yellow marrow.
海绵状骨骺充满红色骨髓。The spongy epiphysis is filled with red marrow.

红骨髓: 含造血干细胞 → 造血功能

Red bone marrow: contains hematopoietic stem cells → hematopoietic function

黄骨髓: 被脂肪取代

Yellow bone marrow: replaced by fat

轴向骨骼 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE AXIAL SKELETON

颅骨 Cranial Bones

颅骨共有23块，连接形成颅，颅为头面部的骨性支架；可分为脑颅和面颅两部分：

There are 23 skull bones connected together to form the cranium, which is the bony support of the head and face. It can be divided into two parts: the brain skull and the facial skull:

脑颅：围成颅腔, —容纳、保护脑

Cranium: encloses the cranial cavity, which contains and protects the brain

脑颅骨（8块）Skull (8 pieces)

Paired 成对：顶骨 parietal 颞骨 Temporal

Unpaired 不成对：额骨 Frontal 枕骨 Occipital 蝶骨 Sphenoid 筛骨 Ethmoid

面颅: 构成面部支架

Facial skull: forms the framework of the face

眶：容纳眼 Orbit: houses the eyes

骨性鼻腔 Bony nasal cavity

骨性口腔 Bony oral cavity

面颅骨 (15块)

Facial skull bones (15 pieces)

Paired 成对：上颌骨 maxilla 颧骨 zygomaticus 鼻骨 Nasal 泪骨 Lacrimal

Unpaired 腭骨 Palatal 下鼻甲 Inferior turbinate

不成对:下颌骨 mandible 舌骨 hyoid 犁骨 vomer

体表标记：Body landmarks:

枕骨粗隆 Occipital protuberance

颞骨乳突 Temporal mastoid process

鼻旁窦：鼻腔周围颅骨内的含气腔隙

Paranasal sinuses: air-filled spaces in the skull surrounding the nasal cavity.

额窦 Frontal sinus

筛窦 Ethmoidal ethmoid

蝶窦 Sphenoid sinus

上颌窦 Maxillary sinus

新生儿颅的特征 Characteristics of the newborn skull

1.与躯干比较，新生儿颅的体积相对较大

1. Compared with the trunk, the newborn skull is relatively large

2.新生儿脑颅与面颅相比，脑颅比例相对较大(8：1)

2. Compared with the facial skull, the ratio of the newborn skull to the facial skull is relatively large (8:1)

3.颅盖骨间为膜性连接，交界处的间隙称囟门

3. The skull bones are connected by membranes, and the gap at the junction is called the fontanelle

前囟：最大，1-2岁闭合 Anterior fontanelle: the largest, closed at 1-2 years old

后囟 Posterior fontanelle

蝶囟 Sphenoid fontanelle

乳突囟 Mastoid fontanelle

Newborn_Skull

躯干骨 Trunk bones

椎骨(24) 骶骨(1) 尾骨(1) 胸骨(1) 肋骨(12对)

Vertebrae (24) Sacrum (1) Coccyx (1) Sternum (1) Ribs (12 pairs)

一.椎骨 1. Vertebrae

颈椎 (Cervical vertibrae): C1-C7

胸椎 (Thoracic vertebrae): T1-T12

腰椎（Lumbar vertibrae): L1-L5

1.椎骨的一般形态：椎体 + 椎弓

1. General morphology of vertebrae: Vertebral body + vertebral arch

典型椎骨 Typical vertebra

•虽然大小和形状有差异，但不同区域的椎骨结构基本相似。

• Although there are differences in size and shape, the structure of vertebrae in different regions is basically similar.
它由椎体，椎弓和七个突起组成。

It consists of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and seven processes.

•体厚，圆盘形，位于前部。它具有上部和下部粗糙区域，用于与椎间盘连接。

• The body is thick, disc-shaped, and located in the front. It has upper and lower rough areas for connection with the intervertebral disc.

椎弓从椎骨体向后延伸。它围绕着脊髓。位于椎弓和身体之间的空间称为椎孔，在椎孔内容纳脊髓。
所有椎骨的椎骨孔共同形成椎管。

The vertebral arch extends backward from the vertebral body. It surrounds the spinal cord. The space between the vertebral arch and the body is called the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord.
The vertebral foramina of all vertebrae together form the vertebral canal.

脊柱 Spine

•椎体柱与胸骨和肋骨一起构成了身体躯干的骨架。它占身体高度的2/5，男性的平均长度为71厘米，女性

• The vertebral column, together with the sternum and ribs, forms the skeleton of the body's trunk. It accounts for 2/5 of the body's height and has an average length of 71 cm for males and 61 cm for females.为61厘米。

成人椎体柱包含26个椎骨。
它对任一方向和旋转都非常强大和灵活。包围和保护脊髓，支撑头部，并作为背部肋骨和肌肉的附着点。

The adult vertebral column contains 26 vertebrae.
It is very strong and flexible for either orientation and rotation. It surrounds and protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and serves as an attachment point for the ribs and muscles of the back.

•从侧面看时，椎体不是直线，而是有曲线。这些是椎体的正常曲线。椎骨形成4条曲线，两条是凹的，另外两条是凸的。曲线的存在有几个功能;能够吸收冲击，保持平衡，保护脊柱免受断裂和增加柱的强度。

• When viewed from the side, the vertebrae are not straight, but have curves. These are the normal curves of the vertebrae. The vertebrae form 4 curves, two are concave and the other two are convex. The presence of the curves has several functions; the ability to absorb shock, maintain balance, protect the spine from fractures and increase the strength of the column.

2. 各部椎骨的主要特征

2. Main features of each vertebra

体表标记：Surface markings:

第七颈椎
Seventh cervical vertebra

	颈椎Cervical	胸椎Thoracic	腰椎Lumbar
椎体 Body	小 Small	较大 Larger	最大 Maximum
棘突 Spinous process	短、末端分叉 Short, split ends	最长、倾向后下Longest, tends to be backward and downward	短、板状水平后伸Short, plate-like horizontal extension

二.骶骨与尾骨

2. Sacrum and coccyx

骶骨由5块骶椎融合而成

Sacrum is formed by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

尾骨由3-4块尾椎融合而成。

Coccyx is formed by the fusion of 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae.

三.胸骨与肋 Sternum and Ribs

胸骨：Sternum:

•胸骨是扁平的窄骨，长约 15 厘米（6 英寸），位于胸前壁的正中线。它由3个基本部分组成：胸骨柄（上部），胸骨体（中部和最大部分）和剑突（下部和最小部分）。
胸骨柄和胸骨体的交界处形成胸骨角。胸骨柄的上方有一个凹陷，称为胸骨上切口。
胸骨柄与第一和第二肋骨相连。胸骨体直接或间接与第 2 至 10 根肋骨相连。

•The sternum is a flat, narrow bone, about 15 cm (6 in) long, located in the midline of the anterior chest wall. It consists of 3 basic parts: the manubrium (upper part), the body (middle and largest part), and the xiphoid process (lower and smallest part).
The junction of the manubrium and the body forms the sternal angle. There is a depression above the manubrium, called the suprasternal notch.
The manubrium is connected to the first and second ribs. The body of the sternum is directly or indirectly connected to the 2nd to 10th ribs.

肋：肋骨 + 肋软骨

1-7肋 ----- 真肋

8-10肋 ---- 假肋

11-12肋 --- 浮肋

Ribs: ribs + costal cartilage

Ribs 1-7 - True ribs

Ribs 8-10 - False ribs

Ribs 11-12 - Floating ribs

体表标记：Body landmarks:

胸骨角 Sternal angle

第十一肋骨头 Eleventh rib head

第十二肋骨头 Twelfth rib head

•人类包含12对肋骨，构成胸腔的一侧。肋骨的长度从第1到第7个增加，从第7个到第12个长度减少。
在前面，第一到第七根肋骨通过肋软骨直接附着在胸骨上，因此它们被称为真肋骨。
第 8 – 10 根肋骨，它们是一组假肋骨，它们的软骨相互连接，然后附着在第 7 根肋骨的软骨上。第11和第12肋骨被指定为浮动肋骨，因为它们的前部甚至不会间接附着在胸骨上。

•Humans contain 12 pairs of ribs that make up one side of the thoracic cavity. The length of the ribs increases from the 1st to the 7th and decreases from the 7th to the 12th.
In front, the 1st to 7th ribs are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilages, so they are called true ribs.
The 8th – 10th ribs, which are a set of false ribs, have their cartilages connected to each other and then attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib. The 11th and 12th ribs are designated as floating ribs because their front parts are not even indirectly attached to the sternum.

附肢骨骼 THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

1. 分类：肢带骨自由肢骨

1. Classification: Limb girdle bones Free limb bones

2. 上、下肢骨骼的配布：基本对称

2. Distribution of upper and lower limb bones: basically symmetrical

3. 上、下肢骨骼的特点：

3. Characteristics of upper and lower limb bones:

上肢骨轻巧、关节灵活适应操纵劳动工具

Upper limb bones are light and flexible in joints, suitable for manipulating labor tools

下肢骨粗壮、关节稳固适应负重与直立行走
Lower limb bones are strong and stable in joints, suitable for weight bearing and upright walking

上肢带骨：锁骨肩胛骨 Bones of upper limb girdle: clavicle, scapula

锁骨：胸骨端肩峰端 Clavicle: sternal end, acromion end

肩胛骨：两面：前面：肩胛下窝。后面：肩胛冈肩峰冈上窝、冈下窝

三缘：上缘:肩胛切迹喙突;内侧缘(脊柱缘);外侧缘(腋缘)

三角：上角; 下角--平对第7肋/肋间隙; 外侧角：关节盂

Scapula: two sides: front: subscapular fossa. Back: scapular spine, acromion, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa

Three edges: upper edge: scapular notch, coracoid process; medial edge (vertebral margin); lateral edge (axillary margin)

Triangle: upper angle; lower angle--opposite to the 7th rib/intercostal space; lateral angle: glenoid

上肢自由肢骨：肱 (Gōng)骨尺骨和桡（Ráo）骨腕骨掌骨指骨

肱骨：肱骨头肱骨体: 肱骨小头肱骨滑车鹰嘴窝内、外上髁

桡骨：桡骨头桡骨茎突腕关节面尺切迹

Free limb bones of upper limb: humerus, ulna and radius, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges

Humerus: humeral head, humeral body: humeral capitulum, humeral trochlea, olecranon fossa, medial and lateral epicondyle

Radius: radial head, radial styloid process, wrist joint surface, ulnar notch

腕骨：手舟骨月骨三角骨豌豆骨大多角骨小多角骨头状骨钩骨

口诀：舟月三角豆，大小头状钩

掌骨：5

指骨：14 近、中、远节指骨

Carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, capitate, hamate
Mnemonic formula: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, capitate, and hamate
Metacarpal bones: 5
Phalans: 14 proximal, middle, and distal phalanges

下肢带骨：髋（Kuān）骨

髋骨：

髂（Qià）骨：髂嵴，髂前、后上棘，髂前、后下棘

坐骨：坐骨结节

耻骨：耻骨联合

Bones of the lower limb girdle: Hip bone

Hip bone:

Iliac bone: Iliac crest, anterior and posterior superior iliac spines, anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines

Ischia: Ischial tuberosity

Pubic bone: Pubic symphysis

下肢自由肢骨：股骨髌骨胫骨和腓骨跗(Fū)骨跖（Zhí）骨趾(Zhǐ)骨

股骨：股骨头股骨颈大转子内侧髁外侧髁

髌骨

胫骨：胫骨粗隆内踝

腓骨：腓骨头外踝

Bones of the lower limb: femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges

Femur: femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, medial condyle and lateral condyle

Patella

Tibia: tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus

Fibula: fibular head and lateral malleolus

跗骨：距骨足舟骨跟骨骰骨内侧、中间、外侧楔骨

口诀：距在上，跟在下，距前舟，跟前骰，内中外楔并排走

跖骨 5

趾骨 14 近、中、远节趾骨

Tarsal bones: talus, navicular bone, calcaneus, cuboid bone, medial, middle and lateral cuneiform bones
Mnemonic formula: talus is on top, heel is on the bottom, talus anterior navicular bone, heel anterior cuboid bone, medial, middle and lateral cuneiform bones go side by side
Metatarsal bones 5
Phalans 14 proximal, middle and distal phalanges

骨连接 Joints

骨连接Joints--是骨与骨之间的连接装置，可分为两大类：

一、直接连接 - 相连的骨之间无腔隙

纤维连结: 骨与骨之间由纤维组织相连
软骨连结: 骨与骨之间由软骨相连
骨性结合: 由纤维连结或软骨连接骨化形成

二、间接连接——滑膜关节Synovial Joint
骨与骨之间借内衬滑膜的结缔组织囊相连,其间有腔隙存在,使连结的骨块之间能进行运动。（多数位于四肢关节）

Joints--are the connecting devices between bones, which can be divided into two categories:

1. Direct connection-no cavity between connected bones

Fibrous connection: bones are connected by fibrous tissue

Cartilage connection: bones are connected by cartilage
Osteosynthesis: formed by ossification of fibrous connection or cartilage connection

2. Indirect connection-Synovial Joint
Bones are connected by connective tissue capsules lined with synovium, and there are cavities between them, so that the connected bones can move. (Mostly located in the joints of the limbs)

（1）基本构造
1.关节面Articular Surface
关节头
关节窝
2.关节囊Articular Capsule
纤维膜
滑膜
3.关节腔Articular Cavity

(1) Basic structure
1. Articular surface
Articular head
Articular fossa
2. Articular capsule
Fibrous membrane
Synovium
3. Articular cavity

（2）关节的辅助结构：参与关节的构成但并非所有关节都有的结构：

(2) Auxiliary structures of joints: structures that participate in the formation of joints but are not present in all joints:

韧带：连接相邻骨之间的致密结缔组织束 —增加稳固性

囊外韧带 / 囊内韧带

Ligaments: dense connective tissue bundles that connect adjacent bones - increase stability

Extracapsular ligaments / intracapsular ligaments

关节盘：位于相对关节面间的纤维软骨板 — 改善关节面之间的适配度、减少冲力

Articular disc: fibrous cartilage plate located between the opposing joint surfaces - improves the fit between the joint surfaces and reduces impact

躯干骨的连结

Trunk bone connection

椎骨的连结

（１）椎体间的连结

（２）椎弓间的连结

Connections between vertebrae

(1) Connections between vertebral bodies

(2) Connections between vertebral arches

颅骨的连结

颞下颌关节

Skull joints

Temporomandibular joint

上肢骨的连结 Joints of upper limb bones

（１）胸锁关节：由胸骨的锁切迹和锁骨的胸骨端构成。该关节能使锁骨小幅度运动。

（２）肩锁关节：由肩胛骨的肩峰与锁骨的肩峰端构成，属微动关节。
（３）肩关节：由肩胛骨的关节盂和肱骨头构成。

（４）肘关节

(1) Sternoclavicular joint: It is composed of the clavicular notch of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle. This joint allows the clavicle to move slightly.

(2) Acromioclavicular joint: It is composed of the acromion of the scapula and the acromion end of the clavicle. It is a micro-motion joint.
(3) Shoulder joint: It is composed of the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the head of the humerus.

(4) Elbow joint

２．下肢骨的连结　
（１）髋骨的连结

（２）髋关节

（３）膝关节

2. Connections of lower limb bones

(1) Connections of hip bones

(2) Hip joint

(3) Knee joint

肌肉系统 Muscular system

概述
一、肌肉的组织构造分类
二、骨骼肌的构造和分类
三、肌的起、止点和功能
四、肌的命名

Overview
1. Classification of muscle tissue structure
2. Structure and classification of skeletal muscle
3. Origin, insertion and function of muscle
4. Naming of muscle

一、肌肉的组织构造分类
分类分布神经支配
平滑肌（内脏肌、不随意肌）内脏、血管壁内脏神经
心肌（不随意肌、横纹肌）心脏壁内脏神经
骨骼肌（随意肌、横纹肌）头、躯干、四肢躯体神经

1. Classification of muscle tissue structure
Classification Distribution Innervation
Smooth muscle (visceral muscle, involuntary muscle) Visceral, blood vessel wall Visceral nerve
Myocardial muscle (involuntary muscle, striated muscle) Heart wall Visceral nerve
Skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle, striated muscle) Head, trunk, limbs Somatic nerve

二、骨骼肌的构造和分类
2. Structure and classification of skeletal muscle

（一）肌的构造
肌腹色红质软肌纤维有收缩力
肌腱色白较硬胶原纤维无收缩力

(I) Structure of muscle
Muscle belly Red and soft Muscle fiber Contractile
Tendon White and hard Collagen fiber No contractile force

（二）肌的形态分类
分类位置功能
长肌四肢引起大幅度运动
短肌躯干部深层产生小幅度运动
维持身体姿势
阔肌胸腹壁多种形式运动保护内脏
轮匝肌肉孔裂周围关闭孔裂

(II) Classification of muscle morphology
Classification position function
Long muscles cause large-scale movements in the limbs
Short muscles produce small-scale movements in the deep layer of the trunk
Maintain body posture
Broad muscles of the chest and abdominal wall move in various forms to protect internal organs
Orbicularis muscles close the foramen around the foramen

三、肌的起止点、和作用
肌的起止
肌在固定骨上的附着点称为肌的起点或定点
肌在移动骨上的附着点称为肌的止点或动点

起点Origin:• 肌肉的一端由肌腱连接到保持相对稳定的骨骼上，通常更接近身体的中线。•
止点Insertion:• 肌肉另一端的肌腱附着在肌肉移动的骨骼上.

III. Origin and insertion of muscles, and their functions
Origin and insertion of muscles
The attachment point of a muscle on a fixed bone is called the origin or fixed point of the muscle
The attachment point of a muscle on a moving bone is called the insertion or moving point of the muscle

Origin:• One end of a muscle is connected to a relatively stable bone by a tendon, usually closer to the midline of the body. •
Insertion:• The tendon at the other end of the muscle is attached to the bone that the muscle moves.

四、肌的命名原则
形状：斜方肌，三角肌
位置：冈上肌，骨间肌
形态结构和部位：肱三头肌
大小和位置：腰大肌
起点：胸锁乳突肌, 胸骨舌骨肌
作用：旋后肌,
位置和肌的方向：腹外斜肌, 腹横肌

IV. Principles of muscle naming
Shape: trapezius, deltoid
Location: supraspinatus, interosseous
Morphological structure and location: triceps
Size and location: psoas
Starting point: sternocleidomastoid, sternohyoid
Action: supinator,
Location and direction of muscle: external oblique, transverse abdominis

肌肉:

头部肌肉
颈部肌肉

躯干肌
背肌
胸肌
腹肌

肩部肌肉

•上臂肌肉•前臂肌肉

臀部肌肉

•大腿肌肉•小腿肌肉

Muscles:

Head muscles
Neck muscles

Trunk muscles
Back muscles
Chest muscles
Abdominal muscles

Shoulder muscles

•Upper arm muscles•Forearm muscles

Buttocks muscles

•Thigh muscles•Calf muscles

头肌 Muscles of Head

一、Facial Muscles 面肌
（一）Epicranius颅顶肌
枕额肌 Occipitofrontal muscle
帽状腱膜 Galea aponeurosis
额腹 Frontal belly
枕腹 Occipital belly

（二）眼轮匝肌 Orbicularis oculi muscle

（三）口周围肌 Perioral muscle

二、Masticatory Muscles 咀嚼肌

咬肌、颞肌、翼外肌和翼内肌。

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid muscles.

颈肌 Muscles of Neck

颈肌可依其所在位置分为颈浅肌群、舌骨上、下肌群和颈深肌群。

The neck muscles can be divided into superficial neck muscles, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles, and deep neck muscles according to their location.

一、颈浅肌和颈外侧肌：1. Superficial and lateral neck muscles:

胸锁乳突肌 Sternocleidomastoid muscle

位置：斜列于颈部两侧 Location: obliquely arranged on both sides of the neck

作用：一侧肌收缩使头向同侧倾斜，脸转向对侧；两侧收缩可使头后仰。

Function: Contraction of one side of the muscle causes the head to tilt to the same side and the face to turn to the opposite side; contraction of both sides can cause the head to tilt back.

二、舌骨上、下肌群

2. Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

三、颈深肌

3. Deep cervical muscles

躯干肌 Trunk muscles
一、背肌 1. Back muscles

（一）Trapezius 斜方肌
位于项部和背上部的浅层
Superficial layer located at the nape and upper back

（二）Latissimus Dorsi背阔肌
位于背的下半部及胸的后外侧
Located on the lower back and the posterior and lateral sides of the chest

（三）Erector Spinea竖脊肌
纵列于躯干的背面，脊柱两侧的沟内。

They are located vertically on the back of the trunk, in the grooves on both sides of the spine.

二、Muscles of Thorax 胸肌
胸肌可分为胸上肢肌和胸固有肌。

The chest muscles can be divided into the upper limb muscles and the intrinsic chest muscles.

（一）胸上肢肌

(I) Upper limb muscles

1、胸大肌 Pectoralis Major
位置：覆盖胸廓前壁的大部，呈扇形。
Location: Covers most of the anterior wall of the thorax and is fan-shaped.

2、胸小肌 Pectoralis minor

3、前锯肌 Serratus Anterior

（二）胸肌 Chest muscles

1、IntercostalesExterni肋间外肌,位于各肋间隙的浅层，能提肋助吸气。
2、IntercostalesInterni肋间内肌,位于肋间内肌的深面，可降肋助呼气。

三、Diaphrgam膈
位置：位于胸腹腔之间，成为胸腔的底和腹腔的顶。

Located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, forming the bottom of the thoracic cavity and the top of the abdominal cavity.

中心腱 Central tendon

三个裂孔： Three hiatuses:
主动脉裂孔：第12胸椎高度，主动脉和胸导管通过。

Aortic hiatus: at the height of the 12th thoracic vertebra, through which the aorta and thoracic duct pass.

食管裂孔：第10胸椎高度，食管和迷走神经通过。

Esophageal hiatus: at the height of the 10th thoracic vertebra, through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass.

腔静脉孔：第8胸椎水平，通过下腔静脉。

Vena cava foramen: at the level of the 8th thoracic vertebra, through which the inferior vena cava passes.

Muscles of breathing 呼吸肌肉
Diaphragm (隔膜)
External intercostalmuscles (肋间外肌)
Internal intercostalmuscles (肋间内肌)

Muscles of the Abdomen 腹肌
•External oblique (外斜肌)
•Internal oblique (内斜肌)
•Transversusabdominis(腹横肌)
•Rectus abdominis (腹直肌)
•Linea alba (connective tissue) (腹白线)

1、Obliquus Externus Abdominis 腹外斜肌
位于腹前外侧部的浅层
Superficial layer located in the anterolateral part of the abdomen

2、Obliquus Internus Abdominis 腹内斜肌
在腹外斜肌深面

Deep to the external oblique muscle

3、Transversus Abdominis 腹横肌
在腹内斜肌深面
Deep to the internal oblique muscle

4、Rectus Abdominis 腹直肌
位于腹前壁正中线的两旁
Located on both sides of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall

5.Linea alba 白线：

由两侧三层扁肌腱膜在腹前壁正线上相互交织而成的纵行纤维索。
A longitudinal fibrous cord formed by three layers of flat muscle aponeurosis on both sides interweaving on the main line of the anterior abdominal wall.

6.腹股沟管 Inguinal canal
位置：位于腹股沟韧带内侧半上方，是肌肉和筋膜间的裂隙，长约 4-5cm。

Located above the medial half of the inguinal ligament, it is a gap between the muscle and fascia, about 4-5cm long.

肩部肌肉及前臂肌 Shoulder and forearm muscles
•Deltoid 三角肌位于肩部，呈三角形。
•Biceps Brachii 肱二头肌
•Triceps Brachii 肱三头肌

•Flexor carpiradialis(桡侧腕屈肌)
•Flexor carpiulnaris(尺侧腕屈肌)
•Palmaris longus (掌长肌）
•Extensor carpiradialislongus(桡侧腕长伸肌)
•Extensor carpiradialisbrevis(桡侧腕短伸肌)
•Extensor carpiulnaris(尺侧腕伸肌)
•Extensor（趾伸肌）

Buttocks (臀部肌)
•Gluteus maximus(臀大肌)
•Gluteus medius(臀中肌)
•Gluteus minimus(臀小肌)

Muscles of the Thigh (大腿肌肉)

（一）前群 Front Group
Sartorius(缝匠肌)
Quadriceps femoris (股四头肌):
Rectus femoris(股直肌)
Vastus lateralis(股外侧肌)
Vastus medialis(股内侧肌)
Vastus intermedius(股中间肌)

（二）后群 Hamstring muscles (腿后肌群)
Semimembranosus(半膜肌)
Semitendinosus(半腱肌)
Biceps femoris(股二头肌)

Muscles of the Lower Leg 小腿肌肉（前群）
Tibialisanterior(胫骨前肌)
Extensor digitorum longus （趾长伸肌）

Muscles of the Lower Leg 小腿肌肉（后群）
•Triceps surae(小腿三头肌)
Gastrocnemius(腓肠肌)
Achilles tendon (跟腱)
Soleus (比目鱼肌)

内分泌系统
endocrine system
神经系统nervous system
心血管系统cardiovascular system
呼吸系统respiratory system
消化系统digestive system
泌尿系统urinary system

内分泌系统 Endocrine system

内分泌系统是由腺体组成的, 每个腺体都分泌不同类型的激素，直接进⼊⾎液以维持体内平衡。

The endocrine system is made up of glands, each of which secretes different types of hormones directly into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis in the body.

内分泌系统 ·松果体 ·垂体 ·甲状腺 ·甲状旁腺 ·胰岛 ·肾上腺 ·性腺 ·卵巢（⼥性） ·睾丸（男）

Endocrine system ·Pineal gland ·Pituitary gland ·Thyroid gland ·Parathyroid gland ·Pancreatic islets ·Adrenal glands ·Gonads ·Ovaries (female) ·Testicles (male)

松果体, ⼀个⼩的, 扁平的, 锥形的位于丘脑两部分之间的结构，在许多动物和⼈类中产⽣⼀种激素，称为褪⿊激素。

The pineal gland, a small, flat, cone-shaped structure located between two parts of the thalamus, produces a hormone called melatonin in many animals and humans.

垂体 ·垂体位于⼤脑底部，位于蝶⻣内。

垂体激素

·垂体前叶

⼈类⽣⻓激素 (HGH)

促甲状腺激素 (TSH)

促肾上腺⽪质激素 (ACTH)

催乳素 (PRL)

促卵泡激素 (FSH)

⻩体⽣成素 (LH)

·垂体后叶

抗利尿激素（ADH）

催产素 (OT)

Pituitary gland · The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, inside the sphenoid bone.

Pituitary hormones

· Anterior pituitary gland

Human growth hormone (HGH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocortical stimulating hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Lysozyme hormone (LH)

· Posterior pituitary gland

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin (OT)

松果体脑垂体

甲状腺

甲状腺是⼀个双叶器官，覆盖在⽓管前⽅。

甲状腺激素

·甲状腺素 T4

·三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T3 ·

降钙素

Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is a bilobed organ that covers the front of the trachea.

Thyroid hormones

· Thyroxine T4

· Triiodothyronine T3 ·

Calcitonin

甲状旁腺 Parathyroid glands

·甲状旁腺通常有四个，嵌⼊甲状腺的背⾯。

甲状旁腺激素 ·甲状旁腺激素

· There are usually four parathyroid glands, embedded in the back of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid hormone · Parathyroid hormone

胰岛 ·胰腺的内分泌功能由胰岛执⾏——⼩的、⾼度⾎管化的细胞团散布在整个胰腺中，仅占整个器官的 1% ⾄ 3%。

Islets of Langerhans · The endocrine functions of the pancreas are performed by islets of Langerhans—small, highly vascularized cell clusters scattered throughout the pancreas that make up only 1% to 3% of the entire organ.

胰岛激素 Islet Hormones

·胰岛素-β细胞 · Insulin—beta cells

·胰⾼⾎糖素 (胰腺⾼⾎糖素)—阿尔法细胞

· Glucagon (pancreatic glycogen)—alpha cells

肾上腺 ·肾上腺是成对的⻩⾊组织块，位于每个肾脏的上极。

每个腺体由两个不同的部分组成——肾上腺⽪质（位于外侧）和肾上腺髓质（位于内侧）。

Adrenal Glands · The adrenal glands are paired yellow masses of tissue located at the upper pole of each kidney.

Each gland is made up of two distinct parts – the adrenal cortex (on the outside) and the adrenal medulla (on the inside).

肾上腺激素

·⽪质 ——

·盐⽪质激素

·糖⽪质激素

·类固醇激素

·髓质 (髓质)——

·肾上腺素

·去甲肾上腺素

性腺

女性的性腺是卵巢

男性的性腺是睾丸

·卵巢： ·雌激素 ·⻩体酮